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Playing backgammon is like playing with history. Backgammon is one of the oldest board game still in existence today, with roots that can be traced way back in the Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Persian civilizations. To increase your level of appreciation of the game, it is important to pay homage to the origins of this one-of-a-kind board game.

Ancient Origins

Like many games that can trace its past in ancient times, the exact origin of the game remains a mystery. There have been some cuneiform writing among other artifacts unearthed that suggest a version of the game is played during the reign of Sumerian civilization in the present-day Iraq, way back in 3000 B.C. A tetrahedral dice was used in the game called the "Royal Game of Ur".

Wall paintings and other archaeological finds in Nile valley pyramids also suggest an ancient form of backgammon was also played by the Egyptians aristocrats during the reign of Tutankhamen. It was known as Senat or the "Game of Thirty Squares" and was played with 3x10, 3x6, and 3x12 boards.

Middle Ages and Asian Origins

One of the most talked about ancestor of modern backgammon is what is known as Ludus Duodecim Scriptorum, which means "The Game of Twelve Lines". Some suggests that the game was derived from the Egyptian version of the game Senat. It was played using a 3x12 board made of leather and 30 markers of two different colors. The game was spread throughout Britain because of the conquests made by the Empire. The game was also known as Tabula or Tabulae, and it has enjoyed immense popularity among Romans, especially with Emperor Claudius. Many considered the emperor to have loved the game so much that it has caused a major gambling mania across the empire during his reign. Sometime during the 1st century, the 3x12 boards were changed into a 2x12 boards, and by 6th century, it was referred to as the Alea, which means "the art of gambling with dice". Soon, the game is not only spreading across all levels of society in the Roman Empire, but it has also spread across the Medieval Europe's high-class society.

Asians also have their experience with the ancient versions of the game. The Persians have their Nard, a game similar to that of Alea. It is played during the 800 AD, using the similar game rules as that of Alea, but using only two dice. Chinese also had their T'shu-p'u developed during the Wei dynasty, albeit it gained its popularity only during the 3rd to 9th century. Japanese also have their version of the game known as Sugoroku, while Indians have their Parcheesi.

The Modern Day

The British among others loved the game the Romans brought to them, and they call it Tables. Soon, other European countries like France, Germany, Iceland, and Sweden began playing the game.

A certain H.J.R. Murray who wrote the book "A History of Other Board Games Other Than Chess" used the term "backgammon" in 1645 when he talked about the invention of a modern version of the well-loved British board game. During this time, North America, has tasted the first round of backgammon through European settlements across the land, and by 18th century, it was a full-pledged popular board game. One of the historic landmarks of the century was the published book of Edmund Hoyle entitled "Treatise on the Game of Back-Gammon" which discusses the origins, history, rules and strategies of the game.

There was no major change that happened to the game except during the early 18th century when some nameless New York player has changed the game forever by adding the doubling cube into the game. This increased the risk and demanded newer strategy, making the game more popular and marketable during the 1920s. It has experienced another wave of decrease in player's interest and was revived between 1970s and 1980s when tons of materials were written about the board game.

Today, the game has reached popularity that it has never reached before. With the influx of technology in the way people play the game, backgammon can be played by anyone, regardless of whether they are in proximity or they have their boards or not. Today, players can play backgammon with the classic or easy to carry boards and through their mobile phones, PDAs and computers through backgammon software. Today, backgammon still enjoys its popularity despite its long history, and it is expected to flourish in the years to come.

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Free Rules for Poker - Start Dominating Other Players Today!

The best rules in poker are free. You can be on your way to poker domination with a few simple tips. It would seem that the beginner poker player would have to get as many tips as he can to boost his card table performance. There are several tricks of the trade that a player has to learn and keep up his sleeve. It is important that anyone who wants to start gambling away in the poker card rooms to get to know these free rules for poker to be a poker champion.

Here are a few of these free rules for poker to start with:

1.    Do not play every hand. It is easy to be overwhelmed in the game of poker. And, beginners are often overeager in their game wanting to bet on every combination. There is just no guarantee that you will win more by playing more. Play only hands good hands. It pays to play strategically. Read up and learn about how you can stay in the game for more winnings on the tables.

2.    Choose your bluffs. Another thing beginners are overeager about is bluffing, or the idea of it. But, seasoned poker players are able to easily spot a bad bluff. There are certain "musts" that should be present in order for a bluff to work. There is a certain amount that you can bluff in a given game. In the free rules for pokers, you have to take into consideration the kind of players you are playing with before you start making your bluffs. Bluffing just because will likely leave you without anything.

3.    Keep emotions out of it. When you are gambling, it is never a good thing to be emotional. There are bad decisions that come from being too angry or too cocky or even being too drunk. Playing poker is something that should be played with a clear head. Read your cards, read the table and read your competition. Not having a clear head can impede your ability to make good calls given what you are presented with at the tables.

4.    Get out when you have to. In the free rules for poker, there is a need to know when to fold and when to stay in any particular hand. This is how poker should be played. It takes both chance and skill to be able to win in any hand and in the entire game. There is no correlation to the amount of money you have put in the pot and winning. Use your gut feel. There are definitely hands you can fold and then there are hands you can play.

5.    Stay tuned to what is going on at the tables. Watch any professional poker games and you will notice that the players are practicing one of the most important tricks in the free rules for poker. It could be difficult to mind your cards and everything else going on in the table. But, there is just really no going around this trick. It is not really a trick rather it is how you play the game. It is all about working your strategy based on the cards you are dealt, the cards on the table, and how the other players are playing their hands.

These are just some of the free rules for poker that you can start using in your games. Playing poker is about making money and having fun. But, it is a thinking game. You do not make money simply by putting money on the tables.

About the Author

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What five cards constitutes the lowest possible Poker hand, with aces low?

I have played the game Trivial Persuit ( Genus Edition) and have looked up in the AINSLIE'S COMPLETE HOYLE edition copyright of 1975 and wish to know the correct answer.

The worst possible 5 card hand:

A2346 where at least one card is of a different suit than the others.

However, in certain games like Razz or Omaha 8, straights and flushes don't count when determining the low hand, so the best possible hand is the wheel:

A2345

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