Here are some more information for History Science:

Prior to 1600 the science industry was small, mainly supporting the

activities of University "experimenters" and philosophers. All that

was to change with a series of discoveries that would pave the way for

the industrial revolution.

In the early 1650's OTTO VON GUERICKE ,a German experimental

philosopher, was making observations by experimenting with a pump on

water placed in a barrel, but found that when the water was drawn off

the air permeated the wood. - He then took a globe of copper fitted

with pump and stopcock, and discovered that he could pump out air as

well as water. Thus he became the inventor of the air-pump (1650).

He illustrated his discovery before the emperor Ferdinand III at

Regensburg in 1654, by the experiment of the "Magdeburg hemispheres."

Taking two hollow hemispheres of copper, twenty inches in diameter,

the edges of which fitted nicely together, he exhausted the air from

between them by means of his pump, and it is recorded that thirty

horses, fifteen back to back, were unable to pull them asunder until

the air was readmitted.

By this experiment Von Guericke showed the world that seemingly

insubstantial gases could exert astonishing forces -- forces that

could probably be harnessed. Effectively, Von Guericke had discovered

the vacuum pump, and also demonstrated the force of atmospheric

pressure using his pump. Without that experiment's results, the whole

industrial revolution, and the science industry that was built to

support it, would have gone in a different direction.

In 1657, upon learning of the invention of the air pump by Otto von

Guericke, Robert Boyle followed up the work and showed that a vacuum

(or at least a near vacuum) could exist. In New Experiments

Physico-Mechanicall, Touching the Spring of the Air, and Its Effects

(1660), Boyle described some 43 experiments with the air pump. Among

his many conclusions, he noted that air has weight, exerts pressure,

and is elastic; that sound cannot travel through a vacuum; and that

air is essential for combustion and for respiration by living

creatures. And in observing that the volume of a gas varies inversely

with pressure, he arrived at his famous law of pneumatics,

posthumously named Boyle's law.

All of this work can be seen as a direct consequence of the Von

Guericke Magdeburg hemisphere experiment and for the rest of the

seventeenth century, people worked to find a way to make use of the

forces that Von Guericke and Boyle had described.

There were also "side" issues from the sphere experiments, in that the

results led Boyle and other chemists to look directly at the nature of

gases and, indirectly, to the formulation of atomic theory. It could

be said that the transition from Alchemy to Chemistry came from Boyle,

via the Magdeberg experiments, ushering in the era of chemistry as a

business.

The industrial revolution led to a rapid expansion in the actual

industry of science, as ever more machines were built and

experimenters made ever more discoveries, which led to ever more

demand for materials and an industry to support and drive

industrialisation.

For example, other aspects of Boyle's work directly

influenced by the Magdeburg spheres experiment led to the discovery of

oxygen, which in turn led to work on combustion, respiratory diseases

and the analysis of the elements. It also helped to solve the problems

of mine drainage, and produced advances in metallurgy, notably steel

production. The examination of gasses would one day lead to the

investigation of light passing through the gasses, and that in turn to

the discovery of cathode rays and the television set.

So without Von Guericke's work, it could reasonably be said that there

would be no vacuum pumps and no steam engines, no industrial

revolution, no mass production of metals, no internal combustion

engine, no television.

It wouldn't be just the science industry that

was different...the whole industrialised world would be a very

different place today.

William Meikle is a Scottish tech author, with 20 years experience in IT management. He is available for all freelance writing work. Contact him and read more free advice at his web site http://www.williammeikle.com

Space History at a Glance

Britain’s contribution to space science began hundreds of years before Prime Minister Harold Macmillan announced a new British space research programme in 1959.

For centuries our scientists and astronomers have shaped how the world is seen and they continue to add to our knowledge of the Universe through space missions and ground-based science.

The following list highlights some of the most important
discoveries for science as well as key missions involving British scientists and engineers.

1668 - Sir Isaac Newton builds the first reflecting telescope. Over 300 years later, Newton's invention forms the basis of the Hubble Space Telescope.

1675 - John Flamsteed becomes the first Astronomer Royal at The Royal Observatory in Greenwich.

1687 - Newton publishes Principia Mathematica, possibly the most important book in the history of science. It contains his theory of universal gravitation, marking the beginning of modern astronomy.

1705 - Edmund Halley correctly predicts that a comet seen in 1682 would reappear in 1758. The comet, now named after Halley, is visible from Earth every 7576 years. It featured in the famous Bayeux Tapestry, was last seen from Earth in 1986 and observed in close-up by ESA’s Giotto spacecraft. The comet will return in 2061.

1781 - William Herschel, a German musician who spent his whole life in England, discovers the planet Uranus with a mirror telescope of his own creation.

1798 - Henry Cavendish, an English chemist and physicist, first measures the force of gravity between two objects.

1846 - Calculations made by English mathematician John Couch Adams enable Johann Galle to see Neptune for the first time.

1856 - Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell proves that Saturn's rings are not solid, liquid or gaseous but are actually made up of different independent particles.

1897 - JJ Thompson, a leading English mathematician and physicist of the late 19th century, discovers the electron.

1919 - During an expedition to view a solar eclipse in Africa, English astrophysicist Arthur Eddington proves Einstein's prediction that gravity bends light.

1932 - English physicist James Chadwick proves the existence of neutrons.

1957 - Launch of first British Skylark sounding rocket.

1957 - The UK’s massive Jodrell Bank radio telescope becomes operational.

1957 - Sputnik becomes the first manmade object to enter orbit.

1957 - Russian dog Laika becomes the first creature to be launched into space.

1959 - In September Soviets crash land a probe on the Moon. A few weeks later Lunik 3 sends back the first pictures of the far side of the Moon.

1959 - First meeting of the British National Committee on Space. This is the first committee to advise the government on space issues. Later in the year, Harold Macmillan announces a new British space research programme.

1961 - Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man to orbit the Earth and returns a hero.

1962 - The first international satellite, Ariel 1, is launched. Built by NASA, it contained six instruments developed by British scientists.

1963 - Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space.

1963 - The British Government establishes the Space Research Management Unit, a forerunner of the BNSC.

1965 - Cosmonaut Alexi Leonov is the first person to ‘walk’ in space.

1967 - The first all British satellite, Ariel 3, is launched.

1969 - On 21 July, Neil Armstrong becomes the first man to set foot on the surface of the Moon.

1971 - British Prospero satellite launched on British Black Arrow launch vehicle.

1975 - The European Space Agency (ESA) is established with the UK, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland as founder members.

1976 - America's Viking I spacecraft lands on Mars and sends back the first photographs of the planet’s surface.

1979 - The first European-built rocket, Ariane 1, successfully completes its maiden flight.

1980 - The Voyager 1 space probe sends back vivid images of Saturn.

1985 - The British Government sets up the BNSC.

1986 - Space station Mir is launched by the Soviet Union.

1988 - Professor Stephen Hawking publishes A Brief History of Time, the most influential book about space written in the last 100 years.

1990 - The Hubble Space Telescope is launched.

1991 - Helen Sharman from Sheffield becomes the first Briton in space when she joins the crew for Project Juno. This was a Soviet mission, partly funded by British companies.

1992 - Michael Foale becomes the first British-born man in space, as part of the crew for the Space Shuttle mission STS45.

1995 - The joint NASA/ESA Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is launched.

1997 - The Cassini-Huygens spacecraft, a joint mission between NASA, ESA and the Italian Space Agency, is launched to Saturn.

1997 - The Pathfinder robot begins its exploration of Mars.

2001 - The Aurora project begins, with the first launch due in 2011.

2002 - Piers Sellers joins the crew of the STS112 mission and becomes the third British-born astronaut in space.

2002 - The first satellite for the Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) is launched. All five satellites in the group have been built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.

2003 - The launch of Mars Express.

2003 - Europe’s first mission to the Moon, Smart1, is launched.

2003 - China succeeds in sending its first manned spacecraft into orbit.

2003 - Mars Express arrives in orbit. It releases the Beagle 2 probe but the signal from the lander is lost.

2004 - ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft launched on its way to a rendezvous with Comet 67P/ChuryumovGerasimenko.

2004 - The Mercury Messenger mission is launched to the Sun’s closest planet.

2005 - The Huygens probe begins its descent through Titan’s atmosphere. The first part of the probe to land on Titan was built in Britain.

2005 - The European Venus Express mission is launched and Mars Express sends back images of the Red Planet.

2005 - The world’s largest and most sophisticated civilian telecommunications satellite, UK-built Inmarsat4 f1, goes into orbit.

2005 - Launch of GioveA, the first satellite in the Galileo global positioning system.

2006 - NASA’s New Horizons mission heads for the outer reaches of our Solar System towards Pluto and the Kuiper Belt.

2006 - Venus Express reaches its final orbit and begins to send back data.

2006 - Solar B, later renamed Hinode, is launched. This three year mission to study the Sun involves ESA and the UK’s Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC).

2006 - After a highly successful mission, Smart1 undergoes a controlled 'crash' into the Moon.

2007 - Japan launches Kaguya (formerly SELENE) for a global survey of the Moon.

2008 - India’s first mission to the Moon, Chandrayaan-1, is due for launch.

About the Author

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Majoring in history an minor in political science?Can i be a poltical science teacher or a history teacher?

I am confused? Does a minor in college have the same power as a major. I major in history but minor in political science and want to be a poltical science teacher. Could i become one.

If you're talking about teaching at the elementary or secondary level, you need to major in education. You can minor in politcal science or history to teach either.

Mills recognized for science, math achievements
OKLAHOMA CITY â“ Middle school students from more than 25 counties throughout Oklahoma were recognized for their math skills and achievements during the 8th annual Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics Middle School Math: an Awesome Contest held recently on the schoolâs Oklahoma City campus.

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